12 KiB
Installation
This is a full Arch Linux installation guide, from live cd to a working OS. This installation includes steps for full disk encryption, and sets up the system with some basic tools and my zsh configuration.
Partition, format and mount the disks
This will depend on your setup, following are the commands I used for my specific setup as a reference, however you'll very like want a different disk structure, and you probably won't even have the drives in the same configuration as I do.
Create partitions for the drives
fdisk /dev/nvme0n1
# Create new GPT table and make 5 partitions
# first for boot (1G), second for swap (16G),
# third for root 1 (100G), fourth for root 2 (100G), fifth for data (rest ~714G)
fdisk /dev/nvme1n1
# Create new GPT table with single partition
fdisk /dev/sda
# Create new GPT table with single partition
Format partitions that shouldn't be encrypted
mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/nvme0n1p1
fatlabel /dev/nvme0n1p1 BOOT
mkswap -L SWAP /dev/nvme0n1p2
Format drives using LUKS for encryption and open them to mapper devices
cryptsetup luksFormat --label ARCH_ROOT1 /dev/nvme0n1p3
cryptsetup luksFormat --label ARCH_ROOT2 /dev/nvme0n1p4
cryptsetup luksFormat --label DATA /dev/nvme0n1p5
cryptsetup luksFormat --label DATA2 /dev/sda1
cryptsetup luksFormat --label BACKUPS /dev/nvme1n1p1
cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/disk/by-label/ARCH_ROOT1 cryptroot
cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/disk/by-label/ARCH_ROOT2 cryptroot2
cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/disk/by-label/DATA cryptdata
cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/disk/by-label/DATA2 cryptdata2
cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/disk/by-label/BACKUPS cryptbackups
Create EXT4 filesystem on the encrypted drives
mkfs.ext4 -L ARCH_HYPRLAND /dev/mapper/cryptroot
mkfs.ext4 -L ARCH_KDE /dev/mapper/cryptroot2
mkfs.ext4 -L CRYPTDATA /dev/mapper/cryptdata
mkfs.ext4 -L CRYPTDATA2 /dev/mapper/cryptdata2
mkfs.ext4 -L CRYPTBACKUPS /dev/mapper/cryptbackups
Mount the drives
mount /dev/mapper/cryptroot /mnt
mount /dev/disk/by-label/BOOT /mnt/efi --mkdir
mkdir /mnt/efi/arch-hyprland /mnt/efi/arch-kde
mount --bind /mnt/efi/arch-kde /mnt/boot --mkdir
mount /dev/mapper/cryptdata /mnt/mnt/data --mkdir
mount /dev/mapper/cryptdata2 /mnt/mnt/data2 --mkdir
mount /dev/mapper/cryptbackups /mnt/mnt/backups --mkdir
mount /dev/mapper/cryptroot2 /mnt/mnt/arch-kde --mkdir
swapon /dev/disk/by-label/SWAP
Base installation
reflector --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist --latest 10 --protocol https --sort rate
pacstrap -K /mnt base linux linux-firmware linux-headers amd-ucode # or intel-ucode
genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt
Configure essentials
pacman -S networkmanager neovim sudo reflector pacman-contrib man-db man-pages \
rsync btop bind tldr git base-devel
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/CET /etc/localtime
hwclock --systohc
sed -i 's/^#en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/g' /etc/locale.gen
echo "LANG=en_US.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf
locale-gen
echo "pc" > /etc/hostname
passwd
Basic configuration
Clone my dotfiles and run the install script
git clone --recursive https://github.com/ItsDrike/dotfiles ~/dots
cd ~/dots
./install_root.sh
Exit and reenter chroot, this time into zsh shell
exit
arch-chroot /mnt zsh
Create non-privileged user
useradd itsdrike
usermod -aG wheel itsdrike
install -o itsdrike -g itsdrike -d /home/itsdrike
passwd itsdrike
chsh -s /usr/bin/zsh itsdrike
su -l itsdrike # press q or esc in the default zsh options
Setup user account
git clone --recursive https://github.com/dotfiles ~/dots
cd ~/dots
./install_user.sh
Exit (logout) the user and relogin, this time into configured zsh shell
exit
su -l itsdrike
Install astronvim
sudo pacman -S --needed luarocks rustup cargo cmake meson npm
rustup default stable
mkdir -p ~/.config/wakatime
git clone https://github.com/AstroNvim/AstroNvim ~/.config/nvim
git clone https://github.com/ItsDrike/AstroNvimUser ~/.config/nvim/lua/user
Auto-mounting encrypted partitions
We've create a bunch of LUKS encrypted partitions to store our date into, however it would be very inconvenient to have to mount them ourselves on each boot. Instead, we'll probably want to set up a way to mount them automatically.
Key files
LUKS encryption has support for multiple keys to the same parition. We'll utilize this support and add 2nd key slot to all of the partitions that we wish to auto-mount.
For this 2nd key slot, we will use a key file, as opposed to the regular user-entered text, so that we can store this key in the file system directly. We will later be using this stored key to auto-mount. The key file will contain random data that will be used as the key.
Note that it is very important to have these key files themselves stored on an encrypted partition, in this case, we're storing them in /etc/secrets, and our root is encrypted. If you don't have encrypted root partition, it is unsafe to keep those files in there!
Note that you don't actually need the key files, and if you wish, you can also be prompted to enter a password on each boot instead (for every partition). You should prefer this approach if your root partition isn't encrypted, although know that this can get pretty annoying with more than one encrypted device. If you wish to do this, you can skip this section.
In this example, we'll be creating a different key for every encrypted partition, but you could also share the same key file for all of them if you wish. This is however more secure.
mkdir -p /etc/secrets
dd if=/dev/random bs=4096 count=1 of=/etc/secrets/keyFile-data.bin
dd if=/dev/random bs=4096 count=1 of=/etc/secrets/keyFile-data2.bin
dd if=/dev/random bs=4096 count=1 of=/etc/secrets/keyFile-backups.bin
dd if=/dev/random bs=4096 count=1 of=/etc/secrets/keyFile-arch-hyprland.bin
dd if=/dev/random bs=4096 count=1 of=/etc/secrets/keyFile-arch-kde.bin
chmod -R 004 /etc/secrets
chmod 007 /etc/secrets
The bs argument signifies a block size (in bits), so this will create 4096-bit keys.
Now we can add these keys into our LUKS encrypted partitions:
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/disk/by-label/DATA --new-keyfile /etc/secrets/keyFile-data.bin
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/disk/by-label/DATA2 --new-keyfile /etc/secrets/keyFile-data2.bin
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/disk/by-label/BACKUPS --new-keyfile /etc/secrets/keyFile-backups.bin
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/disk/by-label/ARCH_ROOT1 --new-keyfile /etc/secrets/keyFile-arch-hyprland.bin
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/disk/by-label/ARCH_ROOT2 --new-keyfile /etc/secrets/keyFile-arch-kde.bin
/etc/crypttab
Now that we have the key files ready, we can utilize /etc/crypttab, which is a file that systemd reads during boot (similarly to /etc/fstab), and contains instructions for auto-mounting devices.
This is the /etc/crypttab file that I use:
# Configuration for encrypted block devices.
# See crypttab(5) for details.
# NOTE: Do not list your root (/) partition here, it must be set up
# beforehand by the initramfs (/etc/mkinitcpio.conf).
# <name> <device> <password> <options>
cryptdata LABEL=DATA /etc/secrets/keyFile-data.bin discard
cryptdata2 LABEL=DATA2 /etc/secrets/keyFile-data2.bin discard
cryptbackups LABEL=BACKUPS /etc/secrets/keyFile-backups.bin discard
cryptarch2 LABEL=ARCH_ROOT2 /etc/secrets/keyFile-arch-kde.bin discard
If you want to be prompted for the password during boot instead of it being read
from a file, you can use none instead of the file path.
The discard option is specified to enable TRIM on SSDs, which should improve
their lifespan. It is not necessary if you're using an HDD.
/etc/fstab
While the crypttab file opens the encrypted block devices and creates the mapper interfaces for them, to mount those to a concrete directory, we still use /etc/fstab. Below is the /etc/fstab that I use on my system:
# Static information about the filesystems.
# See fstab(5) for details.
# <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# region: LUKS encrypted devices (opened from /etc/crypttab, or mounted from initramfs)
/dev/mapper/cryptroot / ext4 rw,relatime,nofail,discard 0 1
/dev/mapper/cryptdata /mnt/data ext4 rw,relatime,nofail,discard 0 2
/dev/mapper/cryptdata2 /mnt/data2 ext4 rw,relatime,nofail,discard 0 2
/dev/mapper/cryptarch2 /mnt/arch-kde ext4 rw,relatime,nofail,discard 0 2
# endregion
# region: Physical devices
LABEL=BOOT /efi vfat rw,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=ascii,shortname=mixed,utf8,errors=remount-ro 0 2
LABEL=SWAP none swap defaults 0 0
# endregion
# region: Bind mounts
# Write kernel images to /efi/arch-hyprland, not directly to the efi system partition (esp), to avoid conflicts when dual booting
/efi/arch-hyprland /boot none rw,bind 0 0
# Bind mounts for arch-kde
/efi /mnt/arch-kde/efi none rw,bind 0 0
/efi/arch-kde /mnt/arch-kde/boot none rw,bind 0 0
/mnt/data /mnt/arch-kde/mnt/data none rw,bind 0 0
/mnt/data2 /mnt/arch-kde/mnt/data2 none rw,bind 0 0
/mnt/backups /mnt/arch-kde/mnt/backups none rw,bind 0 0
/ /mnt/arch-kde/mnt/arch-hyprland none rw,bind 0 0
Bootloader
This guide uses systemd-boot (if you want to use GRUB, just follow the arch wiki).
Ask for LUKS password from initramfs
Ask for encryption password of the root partition in early userspace (only relevant if you're using LUKS encryption), you'll also need to set cryptdevice kernel parameter, specifying the device that should be unlocked here, and the device mapping name. (shown later)
# Find the line with HOOKS=(...)
# Add `keyboard keymap` after `autodetect` (if these hooks are already there,
# just keep them, but make sure they're after `autodetect`).
# Lastly add `encrypt` before `filesystems`.
sudo nvim /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
This will configure mkinitcpio to build support for the keyboard input, and
support for decrypting LUKS devices from within the initial ramdisk
environment.
If you wish, you can also follow the instructions below to auto-enable numlock:
yay -S mkinitcpio-numlock
# Go to HOOKS and add `numlock` after `keyboard` in:
sudo nvim /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
Now regenerate the initial ramdisk environment image:
sudo mkinitcpio -P
Configure systemd-boot
Install systemd-boot to the EFI system partition (ESP)
sudo bootctl --esp-path=/efi install
Add boot menu entries
(Note that we're using LABEL= for cryptdevice, for which udev must be before
the encrypt hook in mkinitcpio HOOKS. This should however be the case by default.
If you wish, you can also use UUID= or just /dev/XYZ here)
Create a new file - /efi/loader/entries/arch-hyprland.conf, with:
title Arch Linux (Hyprland)
sort-key 0
linux /arch-hyprland/vmlinuz-linux
initrd /arch-hyprland/amd-ucode.img
initrd /arch-hyprland/initramfs-linux.img
options cryptdevice=LABEL=ARCH_ROOT1:cryptroot:allow-discards
options root=/dev/mapper/cryptroot
options rw loglevel=3
And finally configure loader - /efi/loader/loader.conf (overwrite the contents):
default arch-hyprland.conf
timeout 4
console-mode auto
editor yes
auto-firmware yes
beep no
Post-setup
Enable Network Time Protocol (time synchronization)
sudo timedatectl set-ntp true
timedatectl status
Connect to a wifi network
nmtui
Footnotes
Note that this setup is based on my personal system, in which I dual boot multiple (2) arch instances, one running hyprland, the other running KDE (I mainly use the hyprland instance, the KDE one is purely there because it's X11 and supports my NVidia card, which Hyprland currenly doesn't).
The config here only really mentions how to get the first (hyprland) installation ready, however if you wanted to set up both, it's essentially just doing the same thing again, with some minor changes like in the systemd-boot entry and some fstab/crypttab entries.
I do plan on writing a continuation guide for how to set up the system for GUI (Hyprland) too eventually. Once it's done, I will mention it here.